Longterm valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes. The detection of the expression levels of il6 and pct in patients with viral meningitis is of great significance for the preliminary diagnosis and rehabilitation of viral meningitis. The purpose of this study was to analyze longterm and seasonal trends of vm in a young adult military population. Illnesses caused by infectious diseases are a common occurrence in children in child care and school settings. Aseptic meningitis has a number of infectious and noninfectious causes. Because viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis, the terms aseptic meningitis and viral meningitis are sometimes used synonymously. Of these patients, 638 57% were diagnosed with meningitis, the causes of which were viral in 231 36% cases, bacterial in. Viral and bacterial meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the tissues and fluid covering the brain and spinal cord. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in uk.
Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis, an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. The aims of this study were to characterize the etiology and prognosis of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in chinese children. Apr 18, 2014 viral meningitis, a type of aseptic meningitis, is the most common form. It is often less severe than bacterial meningitis, and most people get better on their own without treatment. Jul 14, 2017 in china, there were few studies about the pathogens of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in recent years. Introduction meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. With treatment, mortality risk of death from bacterial meningitis depends on the age of the person and the underlying cause. Download as ppt, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis. This syndrome is associated with transient neurological symptoms in onehalf of afflicted patients. The organized approach to the patient with suspected meningitis enables the prompt administration of. Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
Apr, 2012 introduction meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes meninges surrounding your brain and spinal cord. It also describes the substantial longterm impact that viral meningitis has on. Deaths from meningitis per million persons in 2012. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in. Viral meningitis vm is a medical condition of public health concern, as it is a common sporadic and epidemic illness. Communityacquired bacterial meningitis inflammation of the meninges is most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae or neisseria meningitidis. China pediatric enteroviruses, adenoviruses 20062012 pcr, culture 23. Paediatric bacterial meningitis is a neurological emergency which, despite advances in medical management, still has a significant morbidity and mortality. Primary hsv2 meningitis was defined as first episode of hsv2 meningitis according to the etiology criteria 1 or 2 described above. Viral meningitis and encephalitis occur at all stages of life.
Bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis, particularly herpes simplex encephalitis hse, are severe neurological infections that, if not treated promptly and effectively, lead to poor neurological outcome or death. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is caused by an infection with one of several types of viruses. Beckham and others published infections of the nervous system viral encephalitis and meningitis find. Diagnosis and management of bacterial meningitis in the. Misdiagnosis, incorrect treatment and overuse of antibiotics are potential consequences, especially for viral meningitis. Child care providers, school personnel, and school nurses should be. Because treatment is more effective if given early, the topic of meningitis and encephalitis was chosen as an emergency neurological life support protocol.
Most cases of acute meningitis are infectious and result from a potentially wide range of bacterial and viral pathogens. Almost all of the cases occur as single, isolated events. Viral meningitis viral meningitis is the most common but least severe form of meningitis. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis. Viral meningitis, in contrast, tends to resolve spontaneously and is rarely fatal. Most cases of viral meningitis respond to supportive treatment and resolve within 710 days.
About 90% of viral meningitis cases are due to common stomach viruses called enteroviruses, but other viruses can also cause viral meningitis. Practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Viral infections are responsible for about 90% of the cases of acute meningitis redington and tyler 2002. Epidemics of viral meningitis caused by echovirus 6 and 30 in. Esgib business meetings of 2011 and 2012 during the european. Symptoms commonly include headache, fever, sensitivity to light and neck stiffness viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Pdf infections of the nervous system viral encephalitis and. Most cases of recurrent viral meningitis are caused by hsv2. Untreated, bacterial meningitis is almost always fatal.
The prognosis depends mainly on the pathogen and host immunologic state. Epidemics of viral meningitis caused by echovirus 6 and 30. Often compared to bacterial meningitis as the milder strain, with a short recovery period, viral meningitis. Epidemics of viral meningitis caused by echovirus 6 and 30 in korea. Aseptic meningitis has multiple etiologies with viral infection being the most common. The levels of inflammatory factors il6 and pct in serum and csf of patients with viral meningitis are slightly increased. Meningitis is usually caused by a virus or a bacterium. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and timely antibiotic therapy is critical. Recurrent meningitis after head trauma only occurs if, in addition to fracture, there is a tear of the dura. Diagnosis of viral infections of the central nervous system. Time trends of viral meningitis among young adults in.
In the past decades the epidemiology and treatment strategies for communityacquired bacterial meningitis have significantly changed. Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease of the membranes lining the brain resulting in a high mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Viral meningitis is a virusborne inflammation of the meninges, which are the. Two hundred and sixty one viral encephalitis patients and 285 viral meningitis patients were. Epidemics of viral meningitis caused by echovirus 6 and 30 in korea in 2008.
A survey conducted by meningitis now has shown that viral meningitis is leaving 97% of those responding with debilitating aftereffects. Viral meningitis, also known as aseptic meningitis, is a type of meningitis due to a viral infection. Viral meningitis nonbacterial meningitis fact sheet. Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria neisseria meningitidis, and. To this end, they set up an impressive populationbased study involving 1126 patients with suspected meningitis over a 3year period. The clinical course of viral meningitis is usually. A 6yearold previously healthy, fully immunized hispanic american boy was admitted to the hospital during spring with a 2week history of headache, vomiting. Bacterial meningitis is very serious because its onset is rapid and the infection is associated with a significant risk of death. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Dec 20, 2018 meningitis remains a top cause of premature death and loss of disabilityadjusted life years in lowincome countries.
In korea, echovirus type 30 e30 and e6 have been associated with outbreaks and frequent meningitis. A recent retrospective study including 125 adults with proven bacterial meningitis reported a 30% increase in unfavourable outcomes defined as death or neurologic deficits resulting in an inability to return to work or school for every hour that antimicrobial therapy was delayed. Most cases of viral meningitis are caused by enteroviruses. Meningococcal meningitis 101 an overview for parents, teachers, students and. We aimed to characterize the evs involved in an aseptic meningitis outbreak in korea in 2008. The common infectious agents of acute meningitis are viruses.
Enteroviruses evs are the leading cause of aseptic meningitis, which is the most frequent central nervous system infection worldwide. Enteroviruses evs are the leading cause of aseptic meningitis, which is the most frequent. Nov 01, 2006 recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis is a recurring, typically innocuous, painful form of aseptic meningitis. Viral meningitis is an infection of the meninges a thin lining covering the brain and spinal cord by any one of a number of different viruses. During 2008, through nationwide surveillance, we collected.
However, there is limited data on the epidemiology of vm. Meningitis is an inflammation of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord. A study on correlations of procalcitonin and interleukin6. Normally, viral meningitis is less severe than bacterial meningitis viral meningitis cannot be treated with medicine, however the immune system can usually fight it off without any help8. Meningitis wisconsin department of health services. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membrane covering the brain. Recurrent hsv2 meningitis was defined as the presence of at least 1 earlier episode of verified hsv2 meningitis or viral meningitis of unknown origin along with positive hsv2 serology result criterion 3. A number of studies of adults have shown that pituitary deficiencies can develop in a considerable proportion of subjects during the acute phase of viral as well as bacterial meningitis or years after the infection has disappeared. The swelling from meningitis typically triggers symptoms such as headache, fever and a stiff neck. Impact of meningitis on intelligence and development. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Two hundred and sixty one viral encephalitis patients and 285 viral meningitis. Patients generally recover from viral meningitis without receiving any treatment and have little or no longterm consequences. Meningococcal meningitis 101 an overview for parents.
States in 2012, and two serogroup b recombinant vaccines. We calculated the incidence of viral meningitis using data from patients from. Jan 05, 2008 viral meningitis is a notifiable disease in england and wales, but many cases undoubtedly go unreported. Hospitalists should recognize atypical features suggestive of an alternative etiology. Correct immediate diagnosis and introduction of symptomatic and speci. Viruses in the enterovirus category cause 85 percent of cases. Its typically mild and goes away without treatment.
Apr 01, 2012 aseptic meningitis has multiple etiologies with viral infection being the most common. Recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis clinical infectious. In china, there were few studies about the pathogens of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in recent years. Viral meningitis is a notifiable disease in england and wales, but many cases undoubtedly go unreported. Time trends of viral meningitis among young adults in israel. Because the dura is bound more tightly to the base of the skull. First, the introduction of conjugate vaccines in europe resulted in the virtual disappearance of. Using population data from the office of national statistics, the northwest adult population in mid2012 was 11% of the. It results in inflammation of the meninges the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Of these patients, 638 57% were diagnosed with meningitis, the causes of which were viral in 231 36% cases, bacterial in 99 16% cases, and unknown in 267 42% cases. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. Clinical and laboratory signs of meningeal inflammation with negative routine. Viral meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the. The estimated annual incidence of viral meningitis was 273 per 100 000 and that of bacterial.
It can be treated with appropriate antibiotics that also prevents spread. Conclusions we found moderate evidence that surviving bacterial meningitis has a deleterious impact on iq and development but no evidence that viral meningitis had meaningful cognitive impacts. These are more common during the summer and fall, and they. Most episodes of meningitis result from hematogenous seeding of infection from other sites to the meninges. Consequently, it has been recommended that all adults diagnosed as having meningitis should undergo pituitary function screening. In many cases, the specific virus that caused the meningitis is not. Infectious diseases are caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Viral meningitis affects an estimated 5,000 people a year. Tuberculosis meningitis american academy of pediatrics. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in uk adults.
In resourcelimited settings, proper laboratory diagnostics are often scarce and knowledge about national and local epidemiology is limited. New molecular tools for meningitis diagnostics in ethiopia. It is the largest clinical study of adults with viral meningitis reported to date and gives the first accurate incidence of viral meningitis, other causes, and those with no known cause. Most cases of meningitis in the united states are caused by a viral infection, but bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections are other causes. Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. Hsv1 typically causes encephalitis rather than meningitis. Etiology and prognosis of acute viral encephalitis and. Some infectious diseases can be spread from one person to another. Over recent decades new vaccines have led to a change in epidemiology of the disease.
Bacterial meningitis is a more serious form of the disorder. In general, meningitis caused by a virus is less serious than meningitis caused by bacteria. Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in the united. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, including the pia, arachnoid, and subarachnoid space, that occurs in response to infection with bacteria andor bacterial products. Meningitis remains a top cause of premature death and loss of disabilityadjusted life years in lowincome countries.